Lethality Assay of Radiopharmaceutical bis-Thiosemicarbazones Using Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina) Test

Abstract

In the present study, aqueous solutions of some copper-complexing ligands were screened for their cytotoxicity using brine shrimp lethality test. Among the ligands tested, diacetyl-<em>bis</em>(N⁴-methylthiosemicarbazones) (ATSM) proved to be the most safe and non-toxic compound (2% lethality at 10 ppm), while pyruvaldehyde <em>Bis</em>(N⁴-methyl)thiosemicarbazone (PTSM) was shown to possess low toxicity (7%<em> </em>lethality at 10 ppm) and glyoxal-bis-thiosemicarbazone (GTS) proved to be a toxic compound even at 1 ppm (20% lethality). An interesting structure-toxicity relationship was observed for the ligands based on their water solubility leading to more toxicity which can be related to polysaccharide crustae of the shrimps. Considering the 1-10 ppm to be the maximum possible concentration of the ligands in the final pharmaceutical samples, the safety of these ligands are ATSM>PTSM>GTS.