Dietary and Lifestyle Factors and Risk of Non-Hodgkin’sLymphoma in Oman

Abstract

<b>Background:</b> The incidence of various types of cancers including the non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) hasincreased during the recent years. Diet and lifestyle factors have been reported to play an important role inthe etiology of NHL. However, no such data are available from the Middle Eastern countries, including Oman.Materials and <br/><b>Methods</b>: Forty-three histologically confirmed cases of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) diagnosedat the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH) and the Royal Hospital (RH), Muscat, Oman and forty-threeage and gender matched controls were the subjects of this study. Frequency matching was used to select thecontrol population. Information on social and demographic data as well as the dietary intake was collected bypersonal interviews, using a 117-items semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. <br/><b>Results</b>: A non-significantincreased risk of NHL was observed with higher body mass index (BMI) (OR=1.20, 95%CI: 0.45, 2.93), whereasa significantly decreased risk of NHL was associated with a higher educational level (OR=0.12, 95%CI: 0.03,0.53). A significantly increased risk was observed for higher intake of energy (OR=2.67, 95%CI: 0.94, 7.57),protein (OR=1.49, 95%CI: 0.54, 4.10) and carbohydrates (OR=5.32, 95%CI: 1.78, 15.86). Higher consumptionof daily servings from cereals (OR=3.25, 95%CI: 0.87, 12.09) and meat groups (OR=1.55, 95%CI: 0.58, 4.15)were also found to be associated with risk of NHL, whereas a significantly reduced risk was associated withhigher consumption of vegetables (OR=0.24, 95%CI: 0.07, 0.82). The consumption of fruits, milk and dairyproducts however showed no significant association with the risk of developing NHL. <br/><b>Conclusion</b>: The resultssuggest that obesity, high caloric intake, higher consumption of carbohydrate and protein are associated withincreased risk of NHL, whereas a significantly reduced risk was observed with higher intake of vegetables.