Molecular Detection and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Bovine Subclinical Mastitis Milk Samples in Kurdistan, Iran

Abstract

Bovine subclinical mastitis is regarded as a devastating disease due to the economic costs imposed on dairy husbandry. Moreover, it is a hazard in the public sector in the cases of zoonotic bacteria because of the potential role of unpasteurized milk and dairy products to propagate the infectious agent to the human food chain. The present study aimed to evaluate the frequency, virulence content, and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shiga toxin-producing <em>Escherichia coli</em> (STEC) strains isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis in Kurdistan Province, West of Iran. A total of 400 bovine subclinical mastitis milk samples recognized in the California Mastitis Test were collected aseptically and analyzed for the presence of <em>E. coli</em> phenotypically and molecularly. The isolates were genotypically screened for <em>stx1</em>, <em>stx2</em>, and <em>eae</em> genes. Furthermore, O157:H7 STEC strain was searched among the isolates in a duplex polymerase chain reaction. The antimicrobial resistance scheme of the isolates was determined using the agar disk diffusion method. In general, 173 (43.25%) <em>E. coli</em> isolates were detected among which 39 (22.54%) isolates were STEC. The frequency of STEC virulence genotypes was <em>stx2 </em>(25 isolates, 64.10%), <em>stx2</em>+<em>eae</em> (6 isolates, 15.38%), <em>stx1</em>+<em>stx2</em> (6 isolates, 15.38%), and <em>stx1</em>+<em>stx2</em>+<em>eae</em> (2 isolates, 5.12%). In addition, three O157: H7 strains were identified with the genetic content of <em>stx1</em>+<em>stx2</em>+<em>eae</em> (2 isolates) and <em>stx1</em>+<em>stx2</em> (1 isolate). The most prevalent antimicrobial resistance was observed against streptomycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin. Gentamycin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and trimethoprim-sulfadiazine were the most effective antibiotics against O157 strains, whereas gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin were effective against non-O157 strains. The results revealed the significant role of STEC in bovine subclinical mastitis in the studied region. In addition, the distribution of O157:H7 strain and high prevalence of multidrug resistance among the isolates is a matter of concern. Therefore, there is a potential threat of human infection following the consumption of contaminated milk with STEC in Kurdistan Province, Iran.