Infectious bronchitis (IB) virus genome codes for four structural proteins, among which the S1 subunit of spike glycoprotein comprises the major epitopes to induce neutralizing antibodies. This study involved the ...

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes toxoplasmosis and is of medical importance in pregnant women and immunosuppressed patients. In recent years, many methods ...

Anesthesia and analgesia are important in human and veterinary medicine, especially in surgical procedures. Rodents, avians, and exotic species are required to be anesthetized using an appropriate anesthetic regimen. ...

Bacterial diseases in cultured fish are considered the main problem with aquaculture system in Iran. The gills are multifunctional organs responsible for respiration, osmoregulation, nitrogenous waste excretion, and ...

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious infection of many avian species, mainly chickens and turkeys, with a devastating impact on worldwide poultry production. The ND accounts for heavy losses in Iranian poultry ...

The genus Anaplasma is an obligated intracellular Rickettsia and among its species, Anaplasma phagocytophilum (A. phagocytophilum) is a zoonotic agent that infects host neutrophils. The aim of this ...

Whole-cell pertussis vaccine (wP) has been imperative and highly effective in preventing childhood deaths due to pertussis. Pertussis toxin is one of the virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis in all ...

Brucella bacterium causes Brucellosis, an infectious disease spreading from animals to human. Brucella lumazine synthase (BLS) is a highly immunogenic protein with adjuvant properties, which has been introduced as an ...

The haemolytic biovar of Gallibacterium anatis (G. anatis) is responsible for urogenital, gastrointestinal, and respiratory diseases in chickens. There are numerous reports on the resistance of ...