Socio-Environmental Patterns Associated with Cancer Mortality: A Study Based on a Quality of Life Approach

Abstract

Background: With 18.6% of total deaths due to malignant tumors in 2016, cancer is the second leading death cause<br />in Argentina. While there is a broad consensus on common risk factors at the individual cancer level, those operating<br />at a contextual level have been poorly studied in developing countries. The objective of our study was to identify<br />socio-environmental patterns in Argentina (2010), emphasizing quality of life, and to explore their associations with the<br />spatial distribution of cancer mortality in the country. Methods: The study was conducted in 525 geographical divisions<br />nested into 24 provinces. Sex-specific crude and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) for cancer (2009-2011 period)<br />were calculated. Empirically derived socio-environmental patterns were identified through principal-component factor<br />analysis on a selected set of variables: an urban scale and 29 indicators of a quality of life index in Argentina for 2010.<br />Two-level Poisson regression models were used to estimate associations between the ASMR and the continuous factor<br />scores for socio-environmental patterns as covariates. A random intercept was included to account for spatial variability<br />in the ASMR distribution using Stata software. Results: Four socio-environmental patterns were identified, termed<br />“Contexts with urban-related resources or cultural capital", “Socioeconomically prosperous contexts", “Environments<br />with anthropic exposures" and “Plains region" (cumulative explained variance=57%). High mortality rates were found<br />in counties characterized by socioeconomically prosperous contexts (RR=1.025 in women; 1.088 in men) and plain<br />landscapes (RR=1.057 and 1.117, respectively). Counties featuring urban or cultural resources demonstrated increased<br />mortality in women (RR=1.015, 95%CI=1.005-1.025), whereas rising rates associated with environments having<br />anthropic exposures (RR=1.008, 95%CI=1.001-1.016) were observed only for men. Conclusion: This study identified<br />four characteristic socio-environmental patterns in Argentina which incorporate features of quality of life, accounting<br />to some extent for the differential burden of cancer mortality in this country.