Do the Number of Cigarettes Smokes per day Contribute to the Incident of Malignant Cancer?

Abstract

Background: The incident of malignant cancer due to smoking habit becomes a public health problem especially<br />in the developing countries. Active smokers neglect to stop smoking even though various studies proved that smoking<br />increases the risk of cancer. While, previous studies have assessed the incident risk of cancer but have not performed the<br />validity of the measurement. The aim of this study is to know the number of cigarettes that contribute to the incidence<br />of malignant cancer. Methods: A study with retrospective cohort design has been conducted by using a set of public<br />data of Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) in 2007 and 2014. All active smokers (n= 748) who were in good health<br />condition in 2007, were traced in 2014 and then being diagnosed with cancer with considering age, gender, healthy<br />eating habit, and regular physical activity. Data has been analysed by using logistic regression by performing Adjusted<br />Risk Ratio (ARR) and the result of validity measurement. Results: The incident of malignant cancer in 2014 were skin,<br />liver, stomach and oral cavity. Smoking 21-30 per day in 2007 were significantly increased risk of having malignant<br />cancer in 2014 at ARR: 6.88; SE:6.13 with the accuracy were 93.8%. The risk and accuracy were higher if smoke >30<br />cigarettes per day (ARR:7.523; SE:7.019; accuracy 95.5%). This study also found that the risk of cancer was significantly<br />increase with age (99% CI; ARR: 1.065; SE: 0.026). Conclusions: Cigarette smoking behaviour increased the risk any<br />types incident of cancer. Total number >20 cigarettes smoked per day contributes to the incidence of malignant cancer.