Background: Heat stress is one of the most important environmental stressors challenging poultry production worldwide. Understanding and controlling environmental stressors is crucial for successful poultry ...

Background: Recognition of pain is challenging in veterinary medicine due to lack of verbal communication and universal pain assessment system. Increase in biochemical parameters have been ...

Background: Reports on the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in birds are scarce, even when it is a useful tool in poultry production. OBJECTIVES: Determining ...

Background: Rhodoccocus equi, Brucella abortus, and Pasteurella multocida are important veterinary bacterial pathogens that in recent years have been resisted to ...

Background: Camel and sheep have high disperse and tolerance in tropical regions. But different results of harsh condition tolerance ability of them have been reported. ObjectiveS: The ...

Background: Clostridium chauvoei is the etiological agent of blackleg as an endogenous infection in cattle.  Flagella have been known to play a critical role in the protective immunity of animals ...

Background: Various strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) are known as major causes of intestinal and extraintestinal infections in humans and various animal species. Molecular ...