Relationship between Lifestyle Factors and Bone Density in Women Referring to Bone Densitometry Research Center in Shiraz, Iran

Abstract

<strong>Background:</strong> Osteoporosis is a serious problem worldwide, mainly because of the consequences of the diagnosis. However, many osteoporotic fractures can be prevented and treated. <strong>Objectives:</strong> The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between lifestyle and bone mineral density (BMD) in women referring to bone densitometry Research center. <strong>Materials and Method:</strong> This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1170 Pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women. Demographic, anthropometric, lifestyle data including physical activities, smoking habits, dairy intake and its consumption pattern, calcium intake, as well as, history of steroid intake was asked.. Lumbar and femoral bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Based on the WHO definition the T-score value was considered for analysis. <strong>Results:</strong> Participants' mean age was 52.77 (± 9.8) years. Adjusted for age, the BMD significantly correlated to body weight for women. A lower body weight was a risk factor for the osteoporotic process in our participants (P < 0.001). The BMD of women who had more than four pregnancies showed a positive relationship with the osteoporosis of femoral neck and lumbar spine (P < 0.001). Physical activities were positively associated with BMD. This effect was stronger with hip than with spine BMD. Weakly positive associations were found between consumption of dairy products and BMD at the two measurement sites. Low dietary calcium intake and poor physical activity together with advancing age since menopause were independent risk factors for low BMD. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Bone densitometry should be used to assess the severity of bone loss, and to identify those in need of therapy. The follow up and early diagnosis of osteopenia should be carried out in order to institute proper therapy and prevent further osteoporosis.