Electrochemical Behavior of Glucose in Neutral Medium: Effect of TiO₂ Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes and Metal Ion Additives for Table Sugar Production

Abstract

This study investigates the electrochemical behavior of glucose in a neutral medium (1 M NaCl) using modified carbon paste electrodes (CPE) containing different percentages of titanium dioxide (TiO₂). The influence of metal ion additives (1% Mg²⁺ and 1% Cr²⁺) on the redox behavior of glucose was also examined to explore potential formulations for novel table sugar products. Electrochemical techniques, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), polarization curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed. Results show that the incorporation of TiO₂ into the carbon paste electrodes significantly enhances the electrochemical response toward glucose oxidation, with the CPE 50% TiO₂/50% carbon paste composition showing optimal performance. The addition of Mg²⁺ and Cr²⁺ ions further modified the electrochemical behavior, with Cr²⁺ demonstrating the most substantial enhancement in current density and reduced charge transfer resistance. These findings provide valuable insights for developing modified electrodes for glucose sensing and suggest potential pathways for creating enhanced table sugar formulations with improved electrochemical properties.