The Conceptualization of Jihad in the Holy Qur'an and its Semantic Distinction from Qital (With Emphasis on Verse 73 of Surah At-Tawbah)

Abstract

Due to linguistic and semantic complexities of some verses of the Qur'an, "Jihad" and "Qital" are two Qur'anic concepts that evoke the meaning of struggle, war, and conflict. On the other hand, the Holy Qur'an, with its unique structure, seeks a specific purpose with each concept, and one cannot easily replace one concept with another. This research, using an analytical-critical method and a Qur'an-centered approach, aims to illuminate better the Qur'anic conceptualization of Jihad and, in some cases, critiques and examines the views of interpreters. The unidimensional nature of Jihad, its Meccan and Medinan contexts, the use of the term "Mujahid," the connection between Jihad and patience and migration, its unlimited nature, and other factors all reflect the special conceptualization of Jihad in the Qur'anic context. The findings suggest that the use of this concept in its Qur'anic context serves a specific purpose. Therefore, in verses that also depict the atmosphere of war, Jihad can be considered as a form of "struggle" encompassing all activities, actions, and reactions. Additionally, given its ethical and Islamic significance, all necessary prerequisites for Jihad are included. Thus, any sincere effort by Muslims to confront polytheists and hypocrites, and if necessary, to fight polytheists, can be considered Jihad. In summary, any type of struggle that can be "in the way of Allah" and prevents "hindrance to the way of Allah" is considered Qur'anic Jihad, as is the type of fighting that fits this definition.