Swimming Exercise Training Attenuates the Lung Inflammatory Response and Injury Induced by Exposing to Waterpipe Tobacco Smoke

Abstract

<span><strong>Background: </strong><span>The use of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is on the rise throughout the world, especially<br /><span>among young people and even athletes. There is a belief among consumers that exercise prevents the harmful<br /><span>effects of hookah smoke on the body. We examined this belief by evaluation of lung injury following to<br /><span>concurrent WTS and swimming endurance training in male Wistar rats.<br /><span><strong>Methods: </strong><span>Animals were randomly divided to sedentary control (CTL) group, exercise training group<br /><span>(Ex group), sedentary WTS (S) group, and exercise plus WTS (S + Ex) group.<br /><span><strong>Findings: </strong><span>8 weeks of WTS was associated with significant increase in serum level of cotinine, lung damage,<br /><span>reduction in alveolar number <span>AN/SA <span>(mm<span>2<span>) and increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level of lung tissue.<br /><span>Combination of exercise with WTS significantly decreased these negative effects; however, it could not fully<br /><span>protect the lung from smoking damage. Waterpipe smoking (WPS) also significantly increased the proinflammatory cytokines of lung tissue such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (P < 0.001), interleukin 1<br /><span>beta (IL-1β) (P < 0.010), and IL-6 (P < 0.050) in comparison with CTL group. Exercise training to some<br /><span>degree reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the level of IL-10 as an antiinflammatory IL and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity in animals exposed to WTS.<br /><span><strong>Conclusion: </strong><span>It is suggested that combination of mild to moderate exercise with WTS may attenuate the<br /><span>hookah smoking-induced lung damage. This effect partly is mediated through balancing of pro/antiinflammatory and redox systems</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>