In operations research, bi-level programming is a mathematical modeling which has another optimization problem as a constraint. In the present research, regarding the current intense competition among large manufacturing ...

In the supply chain of Fast-moving consumer goods, logistics costs are a main part of the expenses. In low levels of these chains, we usually face with a Vehicle Routing Problem. In practice, due to the high cost of service ...

The traditional ABC inventory classification is one of such approaches in which items are classified into three classes: A, very important; B, moderately important; and C, relatively unimportant based on annual dollar ...

Selecting the most suitable optimal point among the Pareto optimal points could help the experts to make an appropriate decision in an uncertain and complex situation. In this paper, an evaluating and ranking approach is ...

This paper considers a closed-loop supply chain with one manufacturer and one retailer for trading a single product. On behalf of the manufacturer, the retailer collects the used items from the end customers for possible ...

Group purchasing organizations (GPOs) are well-known intermediary firms that play an important role in some supply chains. An important question that arises regarding the GPOs, is whether a GPO that benefits from group ...

In make-to-order systems, customers expect to have more freedom to choose the accessories. But demand variations and internal disorders induce some uncertainties. Hence, a different inventory system is needed for such items ...