A Comprehensive Review of the Role of Viruses in the Onset and Progression of Lung Cancer

Abstract

A number of variables may influence the development and spread of lung cancer (LC), one of the most prevalent and fatal cancers in the world. In this context, viruses are important, especially the human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza virus (IV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). These viruses can influence the development of LC through metabolic alterations, immune response suppression, and disruption of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Specifically, HPV may contribute to LC through genetic effects, while EBV can induce molecular changes in cells. HIV, by suppressing the immune system and increasing the risk of secondary infections, may create conditions conducive to the development of lung tumors. IV and CMV can also play a role in accelerating tumorigenic processes by impacting the immune system and promoting inflammation. This review article examines the various mechanisms by which viruses are involved in LC and their association with the progression of lung tumors. Additionally, the role of vaccination in preventing LC, particularly in individuals infected with specific viruses, is explored.