The Differential Code Biases (DCB), which are also termed hardware delay biases, are the frequency-dependent time delays of the satellite and receiver. Possible sources of these delays are antennas and cables, as well as ...

Conventional seismic imaging possesses problem in exposing structural detail in complex geological media. Nevertheless, some recently introduced methods reduce this ambiguity to some extent, by using data based imaging ...

Subsurface rocks and their fluid content along with their architecture affect reflected seismic waves through variations in their travel time, reflection amplitude, and phase within the field of exploration seismology. The ...

Updraft vertical velocity is an important dynamical quantity which is strongly related to storm intensity and heavy precipitation. It can be calculated by direct observations, NWP model, and geostationary satellites which ...

A recent evaluation of Chooman Dam highlighted the potential for dam failure due to either seepage or an earthquake on nearby faults. Unfortunately, this dam suffers from infiltration or leakage problems related mainly to ...