A therapeutic role for potassium (K) to reduce pain and complications related to the cardiovascular system and bone in rheumatoid arthritis (RA): A clinical research perspective

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis is a painful inflammatory disorder. Patients seek relief mostly with analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs which are rife with life-threatening side effects. Alterations in the body's potassium (K) status may be one such factor. K along with sodium is critical to cellular homeostasis and the electrophysiology of nerve impulses. This review is based on the premise that K can be used therapeutically to reduce joint pain and inflammation in RA and co-morbidity. K ion channel inhibition was shown to cause persistent nerve stimulation (a prelude to pain sensation) and altered immunity (T cells) in experimental studies. Diets rich in K (with normal/reduced salt intake) have to reduce hypertension in several large population studies. Premature atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disorders and osteoporosis are important complications of RA. The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1994) carried out in the USA also reported hypokalemia in several RA patients. A diet deficient in K in RA patients was recently reported by an Indian study. In a controlled clinical trial (Iran), K supplementation (diet-based) led to a significant reduction in pain and arthritis in women suffering from seropositive RA. Some of the benefits of K in RA were postulated to be due to an improved cortisol status. K is not a known therapeutic agent in the treatment of RA. Vegetables and fruits are rich sources of K and provide a safe option for intervention. The existing data on the potential therapeutic role of K in RA is encouraging and merits further research.