Structural engineers are generally aware of the intrinsic safety properties of concrete exposed to fire (non-flammability at high temperatures). However, the tendency of concrete for spalling at high temperatures is a ...

One of the most sensitive decisions a structural designer should consider is choosing the type of consumables in the structure. This decision is in many cases dependent on the type of structure, financial issues also the ...

In recent years, geopolymers, as a new class of green cement binders, have gained significant attention as an environmental-friendly alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) which can potentially reduce negative ...