The weed Orobanche: species distribution, diversity, biology and management

Abstract

Weeds are ubiquitous and eternal pests. In India, the total annual loss of agricultural produce by weeds, insects, diseases and other pests are estimated to be 37%, 29%, 22% and 12%, respectively. Weeds are, mainly, autotrophs, but few are heterotrophs/parasitic such as <em>Orobanche/ Phelipanche</em> <em>sp </em>(Broomrape). Several species that are dominant across the world are <em>Orobanche cernua</em>, <em>Orobanche crenata, </em><em>Phelipanche ramosa, Phelipanche aegyptiaca, Orobanche cumana, </em>and<em> Phelipanche muteli</em><em>. Orobanche</em> is an important holo-root parasitic weed and cause yield losses of many economically important crops. The damage by <em>Orobanche </em>can range from 0-100%. Studies highlighted annual crop losses due to <em>Orobanche</em> infestation was to the tune of $1.3 to 2.6 billion worldwide.A <em>Orobanche</em> plant can produce more than 500,000 seeds, whose longevity may vary from 2-20 years. The distribution, species diversity and biology of this weed have been discussed in this review. Sound management strategies involving physical, cultural, biological and chemical options, and above all, integrated <em>Orobanche</em> management have been contemplated as well. New bio-technological approach that must trigger to develop host plant's resistance against <em>Orobanche</em> and recommended selective herbicides should be envisaged for better <em>Orobanche</em> management.