Heat Transfer Mechanisms in Ternary TiO2-Al2O3-Cu/Water-Based Nanofluids at Stagnation Phase Change Surfaces

Abstract

Ternary nanofluids offer superior thermal properties, enhancing efficiency in thermal systems such as power generation, storage, and manufacturing. This study investigates the heat transfer and flow behavior of TiO2-Al2O3-Cu/water-based ternary hybrid nanofluid at the stagnation point on a phase change surface, considering surface stretching/shrinking, magnetic field, and thermal radiation effects. Using similarity transformation, the governing equations are simplified and solved via the Keller Box method. The study compares key parameters, including the Nusselt number and skin friction, for ternary, TiO2/water nanofluid, and Al2O3-TiO2/water hybrid nanofluids. Results show that ternary nanofluid outperform hybrid and regular nanofluids, with the melting parameter reducing heat transfer by 15% and skin friction by 3%. Findings underscore the importance of phase change in optimizing ternary nanofluids for heat transfer applications.