Analysis of Phytoestrogen Compounds from Vigna Unguiculata Using LC-MS/MS Approach

Abstract

Menopause is a biological event in women characterized by the cessation of ovarian function and a decrease in the production of reproductive hormones, which affects the quality of life. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is the main choice, but serious side effects, such as the risk of cancer and stroke, limit its use. Phytoestrogens, plant-based compounds with estrogen-like activity, are a promising alternative. One source of phytoestrogens is Vigna unguiculata (cowpea). This study aims to identify phytoestrogen compounds in ethanolic extract of V. unguiculata using LC-MS/MS, and predict the biological activity of compounds with the highest levels using PASS (http://www.pharmaexpert.ru/passonline/). The test showed that kaempferol (1.7571 mg/L) was the main phytoestrogen. It was followed by quercetin (1.6893 mg/L), genistein (0.9570 mg/L), equol (0.8849 mg/L), and daidzin (0.8714 mg/L). Based on the PASS prediction results, Kaempferol compound has the best activity as a Chlordecone reductase inhibitor, in addition as a phytoestrogen compound it is able to dimerize estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) and regulate progesterone-related genes such as ZBTB16 and FKBP5. Besides phytoestrogens, V. unguiculata contains secondary metabolites and essential nutrients, such as protein, fiber, vitamins, and amino acids, which contribute to cardioprotective effects, improved digestion, and management of other diseases. With these nutrients, V. unguiculata could be a natural source of compounds that can help women with menopause feel better with little risk of side effects.